{"id":7482,"date":"2019-02-27T12:59:00","date_gmt":"2019-02-27T12:59:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.munkhafadat.com\/en\/?p=7482"},"modified":"2019-03-09T10:30:34","modified_gmt":"2019-03-09T10:30:34","slug":"haunt-of-a-culture%ef%bb%bf","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/munkhafadat.com\/en\/articles\/haunt-of-a-culture%ef%bb%bf\/","title":{"rendered":"HAUNT OF A CULTURE\ufeff"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Ali Salim<\/a> –\nFebruary 27, 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This is the first time I am\nsubmitting an article to other than Awate (the website). I used to get\nexhausted writing half the article to apologize in advance and to reassure\npeople that I do not mean what I say and write the next half trying to convince\nthem that what I just said was actually not true. I hope the new environment in\nEritrea introduces in us the spirit to listen to those who differ with us in\nanalysis and opinion. We are all in the same basket and our motivation is to\ncreate a better future for all and to patch the holes in the sinking boat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

You may find some references\nto debates that happened in Awate, the website where I used to write, to link\nthe new debate to the old. I will try my best so that the context of this\narticle remains the same. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

About a decade ago, when a few\nof the contributors in Awate, including myself, tried to act whistleblower telling\npeople that a specific Eritrean ethnic group is concealing, \u201cyeteseteroon 3ala\n\u2026\u201d, a Neo-Nazi monster and a movement of ethnic supremacists, it was mission\nimpossible to even imply that, Eritreans, who fought so hard and died so much\nas one people could breed a Neo-Nazi or ethnic supremacist. Our dream was for\nsome fanatic to come out of the closet and prove us right. We rejoiced when only\none brother (Semere Tesfai, one of the best in Awate) said perfectly reasonable\nthings that we twisted and squeezed to push as evidence that such deplorables do\nexist in real life. The sleeper cells kept down. It appears that even Semere\nTesfai had no idea that the cancer had spread to a point of no return. Today, his\ntone and claims have proven kindergarten and na\u00efve and we have been vindicated\nthat we were not making up delusions or exaggerating falsehoods. In fact, our\nclaims of a Neo-Nazi movement in hiding were not even close to the magnitude of\nthe problem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Purpose<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This article aims at drawing\nyour attention to the power of cultures in making or breaking communities. The\ndiscussion will attempt to provide a framework that describes the dialogue\nbetween individuals and the collective of their communities. Some examples are\nmentioned to indicate a theoretical possibility of cultural impediments to\nprogress in the Eritrean context and to describe an ethnic group stuck in a vicious\ncycle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What follows is within the\nframe of Eritrean ethnic politics, but it is a genuine attempt to find an\nexplanation for the reason we, as a nation, keep hopping from one catastrophe\nto another. We ask: why is it that every time we celebrate one victory, we make\nsure it is succeeded by another cycle of horrors?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Defining Culture<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

I use the word \u201cculture\u201d for lack\nof better words. So, let me describe a concept that I think captures the\nessence of the various definitions of the word. A google search of \u2018culture\u2019 will\ngive you: \u201cthe customs, arts, social\ninstitutions, and achievements of a particular nation, people, or other social\ngroup.\u201d Other definitions will include the folklore, dancing, music, language\nand a bunch of traditional social rituals that apparently distinguish one\nsocial group from another. These are all a pile of misleading definitions. What\nthese definitions list have nothing to do with the substance of \u2018culture\u2019.\nThese are vehicles that transport cultural expressions of a community or social\ngroup. None of these vehicles can distinguish one group from another because as\nphysical objects, they are culture\/value neutral. Kobero can transmit the\ncultural expression of an Eritrean, Nigerian and Nepalese. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Culture\nis a community\u2019s average collective IQ produced by aggregating the individual\nIQs of its members. If we agree that all humans are equally endowed at birth and\nthat we have no reason to believe otherwise, we would expect the average IQ of every\ncommunity to converge to a single figure in any random sample. Since the word\n\u2018culture\u2019 refers to what makes a community unique and different from others, the\nculprit must be the formula that each community uses to aggregate and project\nthe average collective IQs of its members. Think of IQ in this context as a\nmeasure of the intellectual capacity of individual members of a community to\nlearn from their own experiences and those of others. The assumption here is\nthat learning adds to wellbeing and that as individuals engage in learning,\nthey find better ways of creating synergies for progress and less extreme ways\nof resolving or managing conflicts. With this definition in mind, we can make\nsense of the claim that \u2018democracies do not go to war\u2019 because the claimants\npresume that democracies converge to superior levels of community IQs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Think\nof the formula of aggregating these individual IQs as the system of rewards and\npenalties that a community applies in such a way that those with advanced IQs,\ndefined above, are rewarded and those with inferior IQs are penalized. The\nunderlying assumption here is that this formula defines the community\u2019s\ncollective consciousness of its long-term goals and of the traits in the\ncollective behaviours that advance these goals. Such a system you would expect\nwould have a dynamic set of safeguards against falling prey to the calculations\nof members with inferior IQs, as defined above. Since the specific physical\ncircumstances of each community is reasonably unique, it makes sense to assume\nthat each community\u2019s formula, the one we refer to as culture, is unique for\neach community and it is indeed a distinguishing factor. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

In\nour definition for the purpose of this article, any two communities that score\nidentically on the collective IQ score can be treated as identical irrespective\nof the cultural assets and rituals that project this score to the community and\nbeyond. It is this formula, with the help of its rewards and penalties, that is\nexpressed though language, music, dancing and folklore in statements of the\ncommunity\u2019s goals and aspirations. Two factors distinguish between any two\nidentical communities. The first derives from the fact that the nature of challenges\nthat a community faces and therefore its goals and aspirations vary from one\ntime in history to another leading to a variation in the cultural assets that a\ncommunity decides to deploy in order to communicate the timely tasks at any point\nin time. A community\u2019s IQ score here determines the community\u2019s wisdom in the\nchoice of the cultural assets and the proposed solutions that are expressed\nthrough them. Compare the stories that communities tell through music and\npoetry at a time of war with those you hear during peace time. Some communities\npropose solutions and others dig trenches.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The\nsecond and more critical distinction derives from differences in the expressive\ncapacity of the God-given cultural assets of the community including language,\npoetry and music. Pick any two patriotic songs one from Sudan in Arabic and\nanother from Eritrea in Tigrigna. Translate the lyrics of both songs to a\nneutral language such as English. Compare the difference in the expressive\ncapacity of the two communities through their respective languages. Note that\nwhile one community can communicate a 3D image of its goals and aspirations in\nterms of proposed actions, expected rewards and anticipated costs, the other is\nrestricted to a descriptive 2D image that lacks depth and usually fails to\nincorporate anticipated costs. You probably noted that the example contradicts\nwith the statement above that cultural artifacts such as language are neutral\nand that the variation comes from what they are made to carry. In that case pick\na song by Helen Meles, a multicultural (3D) Tigrigna, and Wedi Tikhul, a plain (2D)\nTigrigna, and you will arrive at the same conclusion. The same applies to any\nother form of expression including a comparison between the chanting and\nslogans in Sudanese and Eritrean demonstrations in any country and on identical\nissues.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Living Examples<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In\nwhat follows, where an ethnic group is mentioned by name, it is defining that\nethnic group in terms of my judgement of its formula of aggregation. This has\nnothing to do with racism and its likes. A racist statement that is used to\ndescribe a certain community is by definition a statement that also applies to\nevery individual in that community. Based of the preceding introduction, a statement\non the IQ of a community cannot in any way imply anything about the IQs of\nindividual members. It says everything about the governing structure of the\ncommunity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Although\nit is reasonable to expect that intelligent individuals make an intelligent\ncommunity, in many cases, a reactionary tyrannical elite within the community can\nenforce a regime of rewards and penalties that controls the impact that\nindividuals can have on the average collective IQ of the community. In\ncomparison, an enlightened elite can impose a regime of rewards and penalties\nthat assigns positive multipliers on the impact of good individuals and\nnegative multipliers on the contribution of the bad ones. A judgement on the\ncollective of the community defined in terms of this formula, therefore, is not\nnecessarily a judgement on the intelligence of the individuals that make up the\ncommunity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Allow\nme to dedicate the rest of this article to one ethnic group, the Tigrigna, in\nEritrea that had a huge impact on the modern history of the country, simply\nbecause in addition to being the largest single ethnic group, its members have always\nbeen at the center of every political incident in Eritrea. I don\u2019t think anyone\nwould dispute the fact that whatever good you read in the achievement of the Eritrean\npeople bears the finger prints of amazing individuals hailing from this ethnic\ngroup. Similarly, whatever bad you read in Eritrean history has the hallmarks\nof some idiots hailing from this same ethnic group. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The\npoint I will try to make in what follows is that the average collective IQ\nof the Tigrigna, defined strictly in terms of the formula described above, is\nZero<\/strong>. I am in no way implying that other ethnic groups perform better.\nThere is simply no data on others. We do not know whether other ethnic groups\nwould have reacted similar to the Tigrigna had they been presented with the\nsame opportunities and challenges. In the case of the Tigrigna, we have\nconcrete experience from a well documented history. Based on these historical\nrecords, I sincerely believe that through no fault of their own, the Tigrigna\nculture is plagued with a tyrannical elite that manipulates the system of\ncultural rewards and penalties in such a way that intelligent Tigrignas cancel\none another in a formula that guarantees zero-sum. You might have wondered why\nall these wonderful, brilliant Tigrigna professors with unmatched\naccomplishments in western universities behave like idiots when it comes to\nEritrea.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I will give you a few examples\nand feel free to assign a score other than zero where you think the Tigrigna as\na community have demonstrated any sign of learning from history and replaced\nthemselves and the country on track to progress. I of course challenge you: (a)\nto come up with a convincing argument that I have in any way misrepresented the\nfacts or twisted them to make a point; (b) to head to the libraries and dig the\nbooks to find me a single example of where cultural behaviour that resembles\nwhat I am going to tell you was documented anywhere else at any time in\nhistory. If you choose the library option, one condition is that you exclude\nholy books because holly books have populations who had been cursed and they\nmay fit some of the scenarios.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Following are some examples. Obviously,\nyou may not agree with some or all the statements of facts:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tigrigna Step 1: <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the 1940s and 50s, the Tigrigna\nelite of the time, through a system of rewards and penalties, managed to unite almost<\/strong>\nthe whole of the ethnic group in support of the Unionist Party (Andnet). In a\nstruggle that cost the ethnic group greatly in terms of material losses and\nloss of credibility among other ethnic groups, the Tigrigna managed to achieved\nfederation with Ethiopia in 1952. Most of them remained dedicated to the\nfederation until they helped the king achieve the full unification with\nEthiopia in 1962.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tigrigna Step 2: <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the mid 70s, the Tigrigna\nelite of the time, through a similar process, managed to mobilize the majority\nof the Tigrigna to support the Eritrean armed struggle.  Nearly all Tigrigna remained dedicated and\npresented unmatched heroism and sacrifice (along with all other ethnic groups)\nuntil the achievement of the independence from Ethiopia in 1991. Complete opposite\nof Step 1<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tigrigna Step 3: <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Starting in the mid 1970s, although\nall Eritrean liberation organizations supported the Tigraian struggle, the EPLF\nand by implication the Tigrigna remained dedicated to supporting the TPLF until\nthe destruction of the Derg in 1991. It is not an overstatement to say that the\nsacrifices of Eritreans, especially the Tigrigna, played a major role in\nenabling the Tigraian people to take control of Ethiopia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tigrigna Step 4: <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 1998, when the border war\nbroke, the Tigrigna (in addition to other ethnic groups) completely turned\ntheir back to Tigaians. They fought them tooth and nail both during active\nhostilities and during the \u2018cold war\u2019. The sacrifices that the Tigrigna paid in\nthe war and afterwards were unbelievable. They celebrated and rejoice when they\nsucceeded in achieving to overthrow of the TPLF at the hands of a new prime\nminister in 2018. Complete opposite of Step 3<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tigray Step 5:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

You may say the Tigray is\ncounterexample. Well in the 1940s and 50s, the amount of Tigraian support to\nthe unification of Eritrea and the sacrifices that Tigraian made through the\nAndnet and the Tigay-Tigrigni project is a matter that is usually overlooked. The\noutright commitment of Tigraians to the unification of Eritrea with Ethiopia continued\nunparalleled until the mid 1970s. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tigray Step 6:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the mid 1970s, they declared an armed revolution\n\u2013 the Weyane. All Tigraians united with one voice, endured untold hardships,\nfought like there is no tomorrow and destroyed the Derg (with the help of the\nEPLF) in 1991. From the get-go, they insisted on Eritrea\u2019s independence and crashed\nevery Ethiopian opposition to the secession of Eritrea, and they stayed\ndedicated until Eritrea completed the referendum and achieved complete international\nrecognition. They even gave Eritrea a few more years to establish itself as a\nsovereign and independent country that few Ethiopians would be tempted to\nreclaim again. Complete opposite of Step 5<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tigray Step 7:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 1998, you may say different, but I say, the TPLF\ninvented the border war. The whole of Tigray united behind the Ethiopian war\nmachine, tried over and over in successive offensives until they ensured the\nbreakdown of the pride of the Eritrean army. As if that was not enough, they\nremained dedicated to the goal of strangulating Eritrea economically,\ndiplomatically and politically.  Complete\nopposite of Step 6<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tigray Step 8:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2018, when they lost to Abby Ahmed his Amhara\nfanatics, Tigraians suddenly and without advance warning turned into new-born\nevangelists of peace and love specifically with Eritrea. They went into a trans\ninvited complete amnesia of what was being said only weeks before Abby took\npower. Complete opposite of Step 7<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Summary<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Each of the successive steps listed above for both\nthe Tigrigna and the Tigray represent jumps from one position to its complete\nopposite. These were not hoopla games in the park. They were catastrophes that\nconsumed hundreds of thousands of lives. Each of these adventures were so grave\nas you know they could have wiped whole countries.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Can anyone say what kind of a genius it takes to\nconvince a whole nation (of millions of people) to fight and die in thousands\nto do one thing and a few years later convince the same individuals to do the\nexact opposite and pay the same price again? How do the elites in these\ncommunities induce amnesia of events that had just happened to the extent that\nthey would reproduce the identical contrary over and over? Why do their\ncommunities follow them from one hole to the other without hesitation? I am\nsure you are amazed at the creation of the Almighty and going \u201cgadir Allah\nfi\u2019mulkuh\u201d (as the Sudanese would say).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the question for you is: what score would you\ngive such a community in the scale of average collective IQ?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Conclusion<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The primary argument here is that ensuring cultural\ndiversity in Eritrea\u2019s decision-making is not an issue of social welfare. It is\nnot even about the so-called equality rights including the right of other\nethnic groups to share power and wealth. It is the missing third dimension in\nEritrea. It is the dimension that governs\nthe most serious national security threat<\/strong>. The threat that derives from the\nability of the underlying tyrannical elite to orchestrate massive suicide\nmissions. They have done it repeatedly and consistently and the risk this time may\nbe imminent – now that they have defeated one enemy and have embarked on flirting\nwith the contrary. Like it or not, we are back in the 1940s: the Tigrigna will\npush this to the end and there is no force in hell that will stop them. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

As lowlanders, it would be dumb to repeat history\nand get bitten twice from the same hole. We must guarantee we don\u2019t. It is true\nthat the Weyane, and with them the people of Tigray, have been defeated,\nhumiliated and chased out of the brokerages of political power in Ethiopia. It is\ntrue that the PFDJ, and with them the Tigrigna, are crawling south to fill the\ngaps. It is also true that this dumb alliance deserves full credit for digging\ntheir own grave by institutionalizing a structural blending of the\nqualifications for political power in Ethiopia. This new blend has opened new\npossibilities and networks of potential allies in Ethiopia that would have only\nbeen a dream for the lowlanders of the 1940s and 50s. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The idea here is simple: if they want to jump into\nthe coffin out of their own free will, give them all the help they need. Your\njob is to get the nail and hammer ready so that they do not come out of it ever\nagain<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

abualisalim@gmail.com<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

————————————————————————————————-<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Ali Salim – February 27, 2019 This is the first time I am submitting an article to other than Awate (the website). I used to get exhausted writing half the article to apologize in advance and to reassure people that I do not mean what I say and write the next half trying to convince them …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":7486,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[3],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"\nHAUNT OF A CULTURE\ufeff | ELL<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/munkhafadat.com\/en\/articles\/haunt-of-a-culture\ufeff\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"HAUNT OF A CULTURE\ufeff | ELL\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Ali Salim – February 27, 2019 This is the first time I am submitting an article to other than Awate (the website). 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